采食后奶牛瘤胃短链脂肪酸及其吸收相关蛋白表达的研究

本试验旨在研究奶牛采食前后瘤胃中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)浓度的变化及其吸收相关蛋白表达量的差异。试验选用3头体重(720±30)kg且装有瘘管的健康荷斯坦牛(动物伦理审查编号为SXAU-EAW-2019-C002013),采食精粗比为40:60的日粮(10kg),试验预试期10d,于第11天饲喂前开始取样,采用气相色谱法检测奶牛采食前(0 h)和采食后(1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 h)瘤胃液中SCFA浓度;并采用荧光定量PCR方法检测瘤胃上皮组织中与SCFA吸收相关的蛋白表达量。结果表明:在采食后1 h奶牛瘤胃中SCFA浓度最高(P<0.05);在采食后一段时间内(2~5h)与SCFA吸收相关蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05),AE2、MCT1基因表达量均在5 h最高,PAT1、NHE3基因表达量均在4 h最高,MCT4基因表达量在4、5、6h均较高,NHE1基因表达量在2h达到最高;AE2、MCT1、MCT4、NHE1基因表达量与SCFA浓度负相关或正相关(P<0.05),AE2、MCT1、MCT4基因表达量与瘤胃内pH正相关(P<0.05)。以上结果初步揭示,在采食后一定时间内,瘤胃中与SCFA吸收相关蛋白表达受SCFA浓度和pH的调节。     

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.     

The fate of bioactive compounds during traditional preparation of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) bulgur

Einkorn wheat bulgur is a traditional food deeply rooted in some areas of Turkey, since ages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of simulated traditional bulgur preparation on einkorn wheat bioactive compound content.A local einkorn wheat grain sample from Turkey was boiled for 2, 3 and 4 h, then dried in a thermo-ventilated oven. Tocols, carotenoids, phytosterols and phenolics, determined as free (FPC) and bound (BPC) phenolic compounds, were analysed in hulled (spikelets) and dehulled (kernels) bulgur samples, to highlight also glumes’ contribute to their content and evolution.Kernel carotenoid and tocol content significantly decreased following bulgur preparation, to an extent of 42–58% and 15–30%, respectively. Phytosterols slightly decreased in cooked (12–19%), with respect to raw kernels. Phenolics showed different patterns, highlighting glumes’ contribute: kernel FPC increased (+87%) after 4 h of boiling, whereas no significant variations were observed for BPC. A drastic decrease of total and BPC (20.5–28.0%), was observed in spikelets following bulgur preparation. Ferulic and p-coumaric acid resulted the most abundant phenolic acids, respectively, in kernels and spikelets.Decreases in tocol, carotenoids and phytosterol contents were observed whereas an increase of kernel FPC content was calculated after cooking.     

Simulation of future dissolved oxygen distribution in pond culture based on sliding window-temporal convolutional network and trend surface analysis

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R² of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.     

白藤花粉采集时间及萌发条件的初步研究

对白藤开花习性、花粉采集时间及萌发条件进行了初步研究,结果表明：在白藤开花盛期,日开花高峰期集中在早晨4：00～8：00,其中6：00开放的花朵占当日开花总数的62．36％,其他时段开花量极少;上午8：30～11：30收集的花粉萌发力最强;在25％蔗糖液体培养基中和35℃下培养6h,花粉萌发与生长效果最佳。     

不同取样时期对杜仲、黄柏、厚朴三种皮类药材质量影响的初步研究

对贵州省林业科学研究院树木园内的杜仲林、黄皮树林、凹叶厚朴林随机分别选取6株样树，从2001年9月至2002年8月每月定日取样，用烘干法测定其含水率，用醇溶性浸出物测定法测定其萃取率。结果表明，不同取样时期杜仲、黄柏、厚朴的含水率差异显著，三种药材含水率变化相对一致，在4、5、6、7月含水率较高，9、10月含水率较低。杜仲、黄柏的最佳取皮期为6月，其萃取率分别为7．92％、6．77％；厚朴的最佳取皮期为7月，萃取率为8．93％。     

基于时延神经网络的木材干燥模型辨识的研究

木材干燥是一个复杂、多变的过程，传统的系统辨识方法很难建立一个理想的木材干燥模型。利用时延神经网络的特点，本文提出了基于时延神经网络的木材干燥模型辨识方法，并给出了辨识网络和结构。对辨识得到模型的仿真结果表明，利用时延神经网络所建立的模型是可靠且有效的。     

黑龙江省夏季林火时空分布特点

通过对2000~2004年黑龙江省夏季森林火灾进行研究分析发现,该地区夏季林火呈现明显的空间、时间分布特点。(1)黑龙江省夏季林火只在121°12′~130°16′E和46°53′~53°25′N之间发生过。(2)大兴安岭和黑河地区是黑龙江省夏季林火的主要发生地区,大兴安岭地区的夏季林火火因基本都是雷击火,黑河地区的夏季林火火因主要是烧荒。(3)大兴安岭及黑河地区各个县区夏季林火状况有很大不同。(4)6月是大兴安岭雷击火发生最多的时期,6月15~25日是烧荒引发夏季林火的重点时期。黑龙江省6月15~20日间发生的夏季林火次数最多,明显高于其他时间段,过火面积也最大。7月1~5日及8月20日以后均没有夏季林火发生。(5)黑龙江省夏季林火日变化规律较为明显地分为三个阶段。     

Future orientation and planning in forestry: a comparison of forest managers’ planning horizons in Germany and the Netherlands

Long range (or strategic) planning is an important tool for forest management to deal with the complex and unpredictable future. However, it is the ability to make meaningful predictions about the rapidly changing future that is questioned. What appears to be particularly neglected is the question of the length of time horizons and the limits (if any) to these horizons, despite being considered one of the most critical factors in strategic planning. As the future creation of values lies within individual responsibility, this research empirically explored the limits (if any) of individual foresters’ time horizons. To draw comparisons between countries with different traditions in forest management planning, data were collected through telephone surveys of forest managers in the state/national forest services of the Netherlands and Germany. In order to minimize other cultural differences, the research in Germany concentrated on the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, which has considerable similarities with the Netherlands, e.g. in topography, forest types and forest functions. The results show that, in practice, 15 years appears to be the most distant horizon that foresters can identify with. This is in sharp contrast to the time horizons spanning decades and even generations that are always said to exist in forestry. The “doctrine of the long run”—the faith in the capacity of foresters to overcome the barriers of the uncertain future and look ahead and plan for long-range goals—which in many countries still underlies traditional forest management, can therefore be rejected.

覆膜种植年限柠檬园蜘蛛群落的影响*

【目的】覆膜种植作为一种重要的农作物栽培方式,在农业生产实践中被广泛应用。蜘蛛在生态系统中扮演着捕食者和指示生物等重要角色,了解覆膜种植年限对柠檬园蜘蛛群落的影响,对柠檬的科学种植和蜘蛛群落多样性保护及在生物防治中的应用具有积极意义。【方法】通过陷阱法和网扫法对覆膜种植年限0a(柠檬园I)、2a(柠檬园II)及4a(柠檬园III)的3种类型柠檬园蜘蛛群落进行调查。【结果】柠檬园I采集蜘蛛13科21种300头；柠檬园II采集蜘蛛9科17种159头；柠檬园III采集蜘蛛12科15种104头。蜘蛛多度和物种丰富度均随着覆膜年限的增加而降低。柠檬园I的蜘蛛群落结构与柠檬园II和III的不相似。【结论】覆膜种植对柠檬园蜘蛛群落多样性产生了消极影响,柠檬园蜘蛛群落多样性水平随着覆膜种植年限的增加而降低。